Young children tend to place everything in their mouths as part of their exploration, and small objects can then very easily be inhaled. Do not allow toddlers or young children to eat nuts, and make sure that the toys they play with do not have small removable parts that can be easily inhaled.

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The aim of resuscitation when required is firstly to clear the newborn baby’s airway. This often involves sucking out mucus or meconium (the baby’s waste products) which block the windpipe. Your baby may require additional oxygen for a short period of time. This is provided through a special mask which allows maximal concentration of oxygen to reach his lungs.

Attention is then given to the baby’s heart and circulation and he is kept warm in order to reduce heat loss. Your baby is given a score out of 10 at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth, called the Apgar score. This is a measure of five objective signs in the newborn — heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflexes and colour. A score of 10 indicates a baby in a perfect condition, but this is quite unusual. Most babies reach a score of around 7, which means that they are in a satisfactory condition and do not require resuscitation.

Resuscitation procedures are only used when necessary, and every chance is given for your baby to make it into the world as much on his own steam as is possible. Gentle support is always available, and only becomes more vigorous if there is any imminent danger.

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ANSWER: No. Absolutely not. If your feelings about this are based on sexual interest or desire, then the issue of gender is irrelevant. Male or female homosexuals have the same range of feelings and desires as anyone, may or may not want a lot or a little sexual relationship with the same or the opposite sex, and have as much healthy and unhealthy sex, as many problems and sexual joys, as anyone else. We must learn to stop labeling people or ourselves by what we do sexually. This is a basic super marital sex rule. The homosexual couples I have treated sometimes report the reverse concern, that diminishing interest on the part of one partner may mean that he or she is a “latent heterosexual.” It is one’s feelings, general hot or cold lifestyle, overall health, values, morals, fears, hopes, and relationship status that affects interest, desire, and arousal, not gender identity.

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Just as the average dose that is safe for each normal tissue is known, so the average dose that will destroy each type of cancer is known. Some types of cancer are more sensitive than others. For example, one type of cancer of the testis—seminoma—is much more likely to be cured by radiation than other types of testicular cancer. On average, lymphoma in lymph nodes is more sensitive to radiation than secondary cancer in lymph nodes. Ewing’s sarcoma of bone is much more sensitive to radiation than other primary bone cancers. Thus the type of cancer is important in predicting whether it is likely to be cured by radiation and what dose will probably be necessary.

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It has been suggested that hysterical behavior is not a manifestation of disease, but a means of communication. It is part of our culture that sickness is not seen to be the fault of the sufferer and that when a person is ill he is entitled to our care and concern. He is excused from the normal demands of work and is not expected to accept the consequences of his actions until he has recovered.

Hysterical behavior may be a way for the person to communicate that he is unable to cope with the stresses of life and has a need for care and concern. It may be a way of avoiding the consequences of his actions or of escaping from an — to him — intolerable situation, such as war.

Most psychiatrists regard hysteria as notoriously difficult to treat. Perhaps if it is regarded not as an illness, but as an individual’s attempt to communicate, then we may react differently.

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The cause is unknown but is thought to be due to forceful stretching of the opening by passage of a large, hard stool. This certainly seems to be the cause in infants and children.

The condition is extremely painful, usually only on emptying the bowel. This pain in small children may cause them to hold on to the motion and become increasingly constipated.

It may be recognised in the infant too young to complain by the fact that he screams when passing a bowel motion and the stool maybe streaked with blood.

Treatment is successful. Mild cases may be managed by the topical application of local anaesthetic and then stretching the anus with a special dilator.

A short-acting but deep general anaesthetic and then forcibly stretching the anal margins by inserting eight fingers will be followed by rapid relief of symptoms and cure within days.

Chronic fissures with the development of thickened scar tissue may require operation.

In children, local anaesthetic and an agent to soften the stool may be sufficient.

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When cancer Cells find a host organ, the disease can consume the organ to which it has attached itself Endometriosis on the other hand, is most often symbiotic. It exists on its own terms while using the host organ as a nesting place. Endometriotic cells will not devour host organs. Rather, endometriosis recalls the properties of a high-density glue: organs can literally become stuck together. “Kissing ovaries” is a picturesque description of an extreme case of endometriosis. The ovaries adhere to each other and also fix themselves to the posterior cui-de-sac.

Endometriosis apparently depends on the process of menstruation and implicates prostaglandin levels and ovarian function. Estrogen, viruses, and numerous other variable factors have been identified in the onset of cancers of the female reproductive tract.

The growth pattern of each disease contributes the third key difference between them. Endometriosis, in most cases, spreads rapidly, and will lead to a buildup of cysts or masses in the pelvis. Because it grows rapidly, it is often associated with extreme pain. The size of an endometriotic lesion does not determine how much pain a woman will feel; as we observed, microscopic endometrial implants on or near nerve endings can cause greater pain than much larger growths. In contrast, most uterine cancers, or cancers of the female reproductive tract, will grow slowly and therefore cause little or no pain. This is often why cancer is difficult to diagnose. Cancer, obviously, can be life-threatening, but endometriosis, on the Other hand, is rarely fatal.

Sampson’s theory and the laboratory experiments with rhesus monkeys introduced a second important hypothesis on the cause of endometriosis: its link with immune system function, or dysfunction. More specifically, scientists asked, how different are the immune systems of women with endometriosis as compared with those of women who are tree of the disease?

*22\43\4*

Dermabrasion involves planing the skin to a smooth consistency, using a diamond chip disc rotating extremely fast. This is attached to a hand-held electric apparatus like a dental drill. It can be done in a dermatologist’s office, using an appropriate local anaesthetic spray which also freezes the skin to make it firm to work with. This procedure is limited to severe and well-localized scarring, but should not be performed during the active stage of the condition. It does not require hospitalization, and the patient is usually able to return to normal activities within ten to fourteen days.

Superficial X-ray therapy used to be a form of treatment but is not generally recommended nowadays.

Squeezing or picking the ubiquitous pimple is certainly in advisable. Injudicious interference will possibly result in expressing most of the infective material, but some will invariably be pushed deeper, causing continuing problems. Furthermore, as a result, healing is prolonged and scarring a common consequence.

The place of diet in the management of acne is still controversial. This is due mainly to the difficulty of running a well controlled, matched, double-blind trial. However, in practice, many patients derive considerable improvement from avoiding certain derivatives of the cocoa bean, including chocolate, cocoa, cola and also coffee. Similarly, iodized salt and bromides frequently aggravate the condition. Yet there seems to be no evidence to implicate high fat, sugar-containing or milk-based foods.

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Sugar. Sugars, which are often called ’simple sugars’, are made up of only one or two structural units. Monosaccharides (mono meaning one and saccharide meaning sugar) are made up of a single carbon ring. These include glucose, fructose and galactose. Glucose is the major monosaccharide in the body and is also known as dextrose or blood sugar, fructose is found in fruits and galactose is only present by itself in nature in very small amounts. Two monosaccharides joined together are called a disaccharide (di meaning two). These include maltose, sucrose and lactose. Maltose is present in sprouting grains and is made up of two glucose units bonded together. Sucrose, more commonly known as table sugar, consists of glucose and fructose. Lactose consists of glucose and galactose and is the sugar present in mammalian milk.

Starch. A carbohydrate containing many monosaccharide units is called a polysaccharide (poly meaning many) or starch. More commonly known as ‘complex carbohydrates’ these are the storage forms of carbohydrates in plants – amylase and amylopectin.

Fibre. Contrary to popular belief, fibre is not just one substance. Rather, the term is an all-embracing one for a number of components found in plants, which include cellulose and other insoluble fibre components and gel-forming or soluble fibres such as pectins, gums and mucilages found in fruits, oats and barley. All fibre is made up of multiple saccharide units and nutritional scientists now prefer to call fibre a non-starch polysaccharide (NSP).

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There is probably more than one cause of infertility in women with endometriosis. Many different theories have been proposed to try to explain the causes and it is likely that some of the theories will eventually be proven but much research still needs to be done. Some of the more widely known theories are outlined below.

Reduced intercourse

Painful intercourse — often a symptom of endometriosis — can contribute to infertility simply by reducing the frequency of sexual activity, thereby reducing the potential number of times that fertilisation can occur.

Failure to ovulate

A failure to ovulate, or anovulation, is not uncommon in women with endometriosis but whether it is due to their endometriosis is not known as many infertile women without endometriosis do not ovulate regularly either. A failure to ovulate will obviously cause infertility as there is no ovum to be fertilised.

Luteal phase defects

There are a range of abnormalities of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle which may contribute to infertility. The most common abnormality is that the corpus luteum degenerates too quickly and the luteal phase becomes too short. Therefore, progesterone is not produced for a long enough time, or insufficient progesterone is produced, to enable the uterus to properly prepare its lining for implantation of the fertilised ovum.

The research into luteal phase defects in women with endometriosis has been contradictory. Some studies have shown that luteal phase defects are more common in women with endometriosis while others have not. In addition, at this stage it is not known whether or not luteal phase defects cause infertility in endometriosis.

Prolactin problems

Prolactin is a hormone that is secreted by the pituitary gland which helps to control ovulation. Research has shown that the levels of prolactin in women with endometriosis are higher than that found in women in general. The high levels of prolactin may contribute to infertility in women with endometriosis but the role that they play is unknown.

Macrophages

Macrophages, sometimes referred to as scavenger cells, are a special type of white blood cell which are found throughout the body. The function of these cells is to consume or ‘eat up’ and eliminate any unwanted debris or foreign material in the body, including sperm cells.

Women with endometriosis have an increased number of macrophages in their bodies, particularly in their pelvic cavity and fallopian tubes. Consequently, the macrophages are able to consume and destroy larger numbers of sperm than normally occurs, reducing the number of sperm available for fertilisation of the ovum.

Auto-immune response

Some women with endometriosis develop an abnormal immune response against their endometrial implants. It is thought that the immune system of these women for some, as yet unknown, reason thinks that the implants are foreign material and therefore begins to produce antibodies against them in an attempt to destroy them.

The immune system also perceives the normal endometrium in the uterus as being foreign material and therefore produces antibodies against it as well in an attempt to destroy it. If the immune reaction is strong enough the antibodies produced in the uterine endometrium may prevent implantation of the fertilised ovum.

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